Analisis Hukum Islam terhadap Legalitas Transaksi Cryptocurrency di Indonesia: Pendekatan Ushul Fikih dan Regulasi Keuangan Digital

Muhammad Ilham; Erna Dwi Pamungkas

doi:10.66174/bn5m4n55

Authors

Muhammad Ilham STAIN Bengkalis
Erna Dwi Pamungkas STAIN Bengkalis

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.66174/bn5m4n55

Abstract

The rapid expansion of digital financial technology has transformed contemporary financial systems and accelerated the emergence of cryptocurrency as a new form of digital asset. Its growing adoption has generated complex legal debates concerning its legitimacy under both Indonesian positive law and Islamic law. Existing studies predominantly examine cryptocurrency through the normative concepts of gharar, maysir, and riba, while relatively few integrate the methodology of uṣūl al-fiqh, maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, and Indonesia's evolving digital financial regulatory framework. This study aims to analyze the legality of cryptocurrency transactions from the perspective of Islamic law by integrating uṣūl al-fiqh, maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, and Indonesia's digital financial regulations. This research employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and uṣūl al-fiqh approaches. Primary legal materials consist of the Qur'an, Hadith, statutory regulations, and relevant religious fatwas, while secondary materials include scholarly books and peer-reviewed journal articles. Data were analyzed qualitatively through descriptive and analytical methods. The findings demonstrate that cryptocurrency is not recognized as a lawful means of payment under Indonesian law but is legally acknowledged as a regulated digital asset within the national digital asset trading framework. From the perspective of Islamic law, cryptocurrency may be classified as māl (property) rather than thaman (money), and its legal status cannot be determined categorically. Instead, its legality depends upon the purpose of the transaction, compliance with applicable regulations, the absence of prohibited elements such as excessive gharar, maysir, and riba, and its consistency with the objectives of maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, particularly the protection of property (ḥifẓ al-māl) and public welfare (maṣlaḥah). This study contributes to the literature by proposing an integrative legal framework that combines uṣūl al-fiqh, maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, and digital financial regulation to formulate contextual parameters for assessing the legality of cryptocurrency transactions in Indonesia's contemporary digital economy.

References

Abu Hamid al-Ghazali. al-Mustasfa min ‘Ilm al-Usul. Vol. 2. Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1993.

Afrizal, Afrizal, Marliyah Marliyah, dan Fuadi Fuadi. “Analisis Terhadap Cryptocurrency (Perspektif Mata Uang, Hukum, Ekonomi Dan Syariah).” E-Mabis: Jurnal Ekonomi Manajemen dan Bisnis 22, no. 2 (2021): 13–41.

Andreas M. Antonopoulos. Mastering Bitcoin: Programming the Open Blockchain,. 2nd ed. O’Reilly Media, 2017.

As-Syatibi. Al-Muwafaqat fi Usul al-Shariah. Vol. I. Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1997.

Burhanuddin, Sisca Ferawati. “Transaksi cryptocurrency: Bagaimana pandangan hukum ekonomi islam memandang?” Fair Value: Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi Dan Keuangan 4, no. 7 (2022): 2849–58.

Chris Brummer. Cryptoassets: Legal, Regulatory, and Monetary Perspectives. Oxford University Press, 2022.

Douglas W. Arner, Jànos Barberis, and Ross P. Buckley. “The Evolution of Fintech: A New Post-Crisis Paradigm.” Georgetown Journal of International Law 47, no. 4 (2016): 1271–319.

Douglas W. Arner, Jànos Barberis, dan Ross P. Buckley. “he Evolution of Fintech: A New Post-Crisis Paradigm?” Georgetown Journal of International Law 47, no. 4 (2016): 1271–319.

Douglas W. Arner, Ross P. Buckley, Dirk A. Zetzsche, and Robin Veidt. ““Sustainability, FinTech and Financial Inclusion.” European Business Organization Law Review 21, no. 1 (t.t.): 7–35.

Firmansyah, Heri, Muhammad Rusydi, Irwan Irwan, dan Mulyatno Mulyatno. “Financial Technology Berdasarkan Prinsip Syariah Dan Model Penggunaan Akad Dalam Fintech Syariah : Kajian Terhadap Fatwa DSN MUI.” Tabayyanu : Journal Of Islamic Law 1, no. 01 (2024): 77–95. Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.66174/cmk24k71.

Hamin, Dewi Indrayani. “CRYPTO CURRENSI DAN PANDANGAN LEGALITAS MENURUT ISLAM: SEBUAH LITERATURE REVIEW.” JAMBURA: Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Dan Bisnis 3, no. 2 (2020): 127–39. https://doi.org/10.37479/jimb.v3i2.9430.

Hamin, Dewi Indrayani. “Crypto Currensi Dan Pandangan Legalitas Menurut Islam: Sebuah Literature Review.” JAMBURA: Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen dan Bisnis 3, no. 2 (2020): 127–39.

Harahap, Khairunnisa, Tuti Anggraini, dan Asmuni Asmuni. “CRYPTOCURRENCY DALAM PERSFEKTIF SYARIAH: SEBAGAI MATA UANG ATAU ASET KOMODITAS.” NIAGAWAN 11, no. 1 (2022): 43–56. https://doi.org/10.24114/niaga.v11i1.32355.

Harahap, Khairunnisa, Tuti Anggraini, dan Asmuni Asmuni. “Cryptocurrency Dalam Persfektif Syariah: Sebagai Mata Uang Atau Aset Komoditas.” Niagawan 11, no. 1 (2022): 43–56.

Ibnu al-Qayyim al-Jauziyyah. I’lām al-Muwaqqi’īn ‘an Rabb al-‘Alamīn. Juz. I. Dār Al-Kutub al-“Ilmiyyah, 1993.

Jalal al-Din ’Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr al-Suyuti. Al-Ashbah wa al-Naza’ir fi Qawa’id wa Furu’ Fiqh al-Shafi’iyyah. Dar al-Kutub al-’Ilmiyyah, 1983.

Jasser Auda. Maqasid al-Shariah as Philosophy of Islamic Law: A Systems Approach. International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2008.

Jati, Hardian Satria, dan Ahmad Arif Zulfikar. “Transaksi Cryptocurrency Perspektif Hukum Ekonomi Syariah.” Jurnal Al-Adalah: Jurnal Hukum dan Politik Islam 6, no. 2 (2021): 137–48.

Melanie Swan. Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy. CA: O’Reilly Media, 2015.

Mustafa Ahmad al-Zarqa. Al-Madkhal al-Fiqhī al-’Ām: Ikhrāj Jadīd bi-Taṭwīr fī al-Tartīb wa al-Tabwīb wa al-Ziyādāt,. Vol. 2. Dār al-Qalam, 1998.

Nurhisam, Luqman. “Bitcoin Dalam Kacamata Hukum Islam.” Ar-Raniry: International Journal of Islamic Studies 4, no. 1 (2020): 165–86. https://doi.org/10.22373/jar.v4i1.7526.

Nurhisam, Luqman. “Bitcoin dalam kacamata hukum islam.” Ar-Raniry: International Journal of Islamic Studies 4, no. 1 (2020): 165–86.

Peraturan Bank Indonesia Nomor 18/40/PBI/2016 tentang Penyelenggaraan Pemrosesan Transaksi Pembayaran, Peraturan Bank Indonesia § Nomor 18/40/PBI/2016.

Priyatno, Prima Dwi, dan Isti Nuzulul Atiah. “Melirik Dinamika Cryptocurrency Dengan Pendekatan Ushul Fiqih.” Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam 7, no. 3 (2021): 1682–88. https://doi.org/10.29040/jiei.v7i3.3590.

Priyatno, Prima Dwi, dan Isti Nuzulul Atiah. “Melirik Dinamika Cryptocurrency dengan Pendekatan Ushul Fiqih.” Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam 7, no. 3 (2021): 1682–88.

Putri, Faizah, Musyfikah Ilyas, dan Muhammad Yaasiin Raya. “Perbandingan Hukum Islam Dan Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Investor Cryptocurrency Di Indonesia.” Iqtishaduna: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Hukum Ekonomi Syari’ah, 2022, 69–78.

Sajidin, Syahrul. “LEGALITAS PENGGUNAAN CRYPTOCURRENCY SEBAGAI ALAT PEMBAYARAN DI INDONESIA.” Arena Hukum 14, no. 2 (2021): 245–67. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2021.01402.3.

Sajidin, Syahrul. “Legalitas penggunaan cryptocurrency sebagai alat pembayaran di Indonesia.” Arena Hukum 14, no. 2 (2021): 245–67.

Satosi Nakamoto. Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. 2008. https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf.

Shermin Voshmgir. Token Economy: How Blockchains and Smart Contracts Revolutionize the Economy. Token Kitchen, 2020.

Syamsiah, Nurfia Oktaviani. “Kajian atas cryptocurrency sebagai alat pembayaran di Indonesia.” Indonesian Journal on Networking and Security 6, no. 1 (2017): 53–61.

Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2011 tentang Mata Uang, Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2011 Nomor 64 (2011). https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/39168/uu-no-7-tahun-2011.

Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2011 tentang Mata Uang, Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2011 Nomor 64.

Wahbah al-Zuhaili. Al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuhu, vol. 1 (. I. Dar al-Fikr, 1985.

Wahbah Zuhaili. Uṣûl al-Fiqh al-Islām. I. Dār al-Fikr, 1986.

Warsito, Oey Laurensia Dewi. “Analisis Volatilitas Cryptocurrency, Emas, Dollar, Dan Indeks Harga Saham (Ihsg).” International Journal of Social Science and Business 4, no. 1 (2020): 40–46.